4/7/2023 0 Comments Brett walker montana state![]() Aristocrats built large gardens in their palaces and villas, with carefully crafted landscaping, which were used for entertainment and recreation. Such gardens built on a long tradition, with roots in Shinto aesthetic and shaped by Buddhist influence. This growth was also evident in great building projects and the expansion of cities, including the new capital at Edo, today’s Tokyo.ĭuring this prosperous period, Japanese garden design shifted away from the simplicity, minimalism, and smaller scale gardens of the preceding age, which were often attached to Buddhist temples, offering meditative environments for contemplative practice. Many gardens from this previous period survive, as in Kyoto’s Ryoanaji, Tenryuji, Daitokuji, and Kinkaku-ji (all proposed program sites). This required reclamation of marshland and the incorporation of hillsides into agricultural use as well as forest clearing and extensive irrigation. In the first century of Tokugawa rule, cultivated land nearly doubled from 1.5 million to 2.7 million hectares, which correlated to the doubling of the population. The establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the early seventeenth century restored political stability to the Japanese archipelago and ushered in a period of prolonged growth and prosperity. MMW14 World History – Revolution, Empire, Industry (4 units): MMW14 offers a portrait of world history from the 18 th to the 20 th century, focusing particularly on Japan from the Tokugawa period through the Meiji era, and comparatively addressing such topics as industrialization and technological innovation nation building, political restructuring, and revolution imperial projects and their human and environmental toll and modernity and its relationship with tradition. It also considers the social, political, and economic ramifications of this interaction as well as divergent views about the future. The class traces ideas of nature and wilderness and examines changing human/environment interaction. Among environmental issues under inquiry will be climate change, food and energy production, water management, deforestation, conservation and preservation, and industrial pollution.ĮNVR142 Wilderness & Human Values Abroad (4 units): This course explores historical and cultural perspectives on the human relationship with the natural world. The Japanese experience of nation building and its relationship with the natural world will be set in a comparative context as we contrast political and cultural responses to changes, uses, and degradation of the natural world. The program considers cultural, political, and economic ramifications and projections on the future of this interaction. Japan is an ideal place for such an environmental and historical inquiry, from its Shinto and Buddhist traditions to the practical demands of expanding urbanization and industrialization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We consider how the Japanese have interacted with land and sea and study cultural and religious conceptions of nature and how these perspectives become a source of contestation and controversy. This program explores the inter-relationship between humans and the environment, examining notions of nature and how the human/environment inter-relationship changed from the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) through the industrializing Meiji era (1868 – 1912) and down to the Fukushima Daiichi meltdown (2011). With population-dense coastal zones, tsunami have long plagued Japan and these are exacerbated by a newer urgent environmental challenge: climate change. This combination of sea and mountain is epitomized in The Great Wave off Kanagawa, the late Tokugawa-era print of Katsushika Hokusai (1760 – 1849), one the most iconic works of Japanese art. Fuji (12,388feet/ 3,707meters), about 60 miles southwest of Tokyo. ![]() Japan is in a highly seismically active zone, situated at the intersection of four tectonic plates, and contains approximately 100 volcanoes, seventy of which are active. The tallest and most celebrated of these is Mt. Much of its people and economic resources are located near the shore or in natural floodplains, which requires intensive management of rivers, which have been extensively dammed for water control and hydro-power. Nation the size of the state of Montana (or slightly smaller than the nation of France), land is truly at a premium in Japan. With its population of 127 million (43% of the US population) settled in a mountainous ![]() This program was cancelled due to Covid-related restrictions. ![]()
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